Choose the answer which correctly "reads" the given phrase-structure rule.

1. S → NP + AUX + VP

   1.   ?    Subject equals noun, pronoun, auxiliary, very precisely
   2.   ?    Sentence may be rewritten as noun phrase plus auxiliary plus verb phrase.
   3.   ?    Sentence may be rewritten as noun phrase plus verb phrase.
   4.   ?    Noun phrase plus auxiliary plus verb phrase.

2. 

   1.   ?    A noun phrase may be almost anything.
   2.   ?    A noun phrase may be a noun, a pronoun, or a proper noun.
   3.   ?    A noun phrase may be a proper noun, a pronoun, or a noun. If it is a noun, it may be modified by a determiner, quantifier, adjective phrase, or prepositional phrase.
   4.   ?    Nouns are modified by adjectives and prepositional phrases.

3. ADJP → (INT) + ADJ

   1.   ?    Adjective phrase may be rewritten as an adjective, possibly preceded by an intensifier.
   2.   ?    Adjective phrase may be rewritten as intensifier plus adjective. Intensifier is optional.
   3.   ?    Adjectives are internally created by adjectivals.
   4.   ?    Adjective phrases are the same thing as adjectives.

4. ADVP → (INT) + ADV

   1.   ?    Adverb phrase may be rewritten as an adverb, possibly preceded by an intensifier.
   2.   ?    Adverb phrase may be rewritten as intensifier plus adverb. Intensifier is optional.
   3.   ?    Adverbs are internally created by adverbials.
   4.   ?    Adverb phrases are the same thing as adverbs.

5. PP → P + NP

   1.   ?    Prepositions are nouns in deep structure.
   2.   ?    Prepositional phrases contain prepositions and noun phrases.
   3.   ?    Participial pronouns may be expanded into pronouns plus noun phrases.
   4.   ?    Prepositional phrase may be expanded into preposition plus noun phrase.

6. VP → V + (NP) + (NP) + (ADJP) + (PP) + (ADVP)

   1.   ?    Verb phrase equals verb plus modifiers.
   2.   ?    Verbal participation equals voice plus optional items.
   3.   ?    Verb phrase may be expanded into verb. It may also be expanded into verb plus one or two noun phrases plus adjective phrase plus prepositional phrase plus adverb phrase, but all these other elements are optional.
   4.   ?    A verb phrase may include almost anything, as long as it contains a verb.

7. AUX → F + (M) + (have + -en) + (be + -ing)

   1.   ?    The auxiliary must contain the finite marker and may include a modal verb, have plus -en, or be plus -ing.
   2.   ?    The auxiliary is a feature of the famous sentence patterns of having and being.
   3.   ?    The auxiliary always contains the finite marker.
   4.   ?    Modals, have, and be are the only auxiliaries.